Pricing of Pseudo-Swaps Based on Pseudo-Statistics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The main problem in pricing variance, volatility, and correlation swaps is how to determine the evolution of the stochastic processes for the underlying assets and their volatilities. Thus, sometimes it is simpler to consider pricing of swaps by so-called pseudo-statistics, namely, the pseudo-variance, -covariance, -volatility, and -correlation. The main motivation of this paper is to consider the pricing of swaps based on pseudo-statistics, instead of stochastic models, and to compare this approach with the most popular stochastic volatility model in the Cox–Ingresoll–Ross (CIR) model. Within this paper, we will demonstrate how to value different types of swaps (variance, volatility, covariance, and correlation swaps) using pseudo-statistics (pseudo-variance, pseudo-volatility, pseudo-correlation, and pseudo-covariance). As a result, we will arrive at a method for pricing swaps that does not rely on any stochastic models for a stochastic stock price or stochastic volatility, and instead relies on data/statistics. A data/statistics-based approach to swap pricing is very different from stochastic volatility models such as the Cox–Ingresoll–Ross (CIR) model, which, in comparison, follows a stochastic differential equation. Although there are many other stochastic models that provide an approach to calculating the price of swaps, we will use the CIR model for comparison within this paper, due to the popularity of the CIR model. Therefore, in this paper, we will compare the CIR model approach to pricing swaps to the pseudo-statistic approach to pricing swaps, in order to compare a stochastic model to the data/statistics-based approach to swap pricing that is developed within this paper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".