Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The first phase of the enhancement of the Canada Pension Plan (CPP), which consists in raising gradually its contribution rate, took place between 2019 and 2023 in a context of low real interest rate and aging population. We have modeled within a dynamic general equilibrium setting the various pillars of the Canadian retirement income system, human capital accumulation through education, and two-sided altruism as a motive for intergenerational transfers. Then, we have investigated the impact on the real interest rate of the improvement in life expectancy and the first impacts of the enhancement of the CPP against alternative taxation aiming at raising retirement income. Intergenerational altruism and capital income tax rate turn out to be important determinants of the real interest rate that related studies neglected. We have also found that when biological life expectancy increases by one percent, the endogenous accumulation of human capital prevents the real interest rate from falling by one-third of percentage point \textit{per annum}. It further emerges that enhancing the CPP through an increase in either the contribution rate or the maximum amount of earnings covered crowds out private savings. Cutting the capital income tax to foster saving for retirement exacerbates the decline in the real interest rate caused by the improvement in life expectancy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".