Bibliographic record
Abstract
A spectre haunts the world and it is the spectre of migration. All the powers of the old world are allied in a merciless operation against it, but the movement is irresistible. (Hardt & Negri 2000: 213) The global precariat is on the move, with what Hardt and Negri call its “irrepressible desire for free movement” (Hardt & Negri 2000: 213). While exodus can indeed be seen as a powerful form of class struggle against the new imperial order, it is still a manifestly spontaneous, even unintentional, form of struggle. Mobility and migration are seen as a disruption of the disciplinary constraints under which workers labour. Certainly, labour is in movement in many diverse ways, and its management is seemingly beyond even the most stringent border controls of most capitalist states. At a more prosaic level, migration can be seen as an integral part of labour market regulation in the era of globalization. Clearly, the economies of the once affluent North still depend critically on the availability of migrant labour. These workers are most often vulnerable, and many basic labour rights do not apply to them. As Harald Bauder points out, “[I]nternational migration is a regulatory labor market tool” (Bauder 2006: 4), allowing employers to drive down wages and lower labour standards through the introduction of a “cheap and flexible” migrant labour force. Is it that we are seeing the emergence of what Pierre Bourdieu has referred to as a “global reserve army of labour” (Bourdieu 2003 [1998]: 40)? If that is the case, it should be incumbent on trade union movements to respond with an inclusive policy towards migrant workers, and not through national protectionism, as has happened quite often in the past (Penninx & Roosblad 2000), even though this is sometimes forgotten. This chapter does not seek to provide an overall analysis of migration in the current era. My focus here is simply on the interaction between labour migrants and the labour movements in the receiving countries. I begin with a unified theoretical and historical reconstruction of migration and the making of the working class that breaks with the traditional approach of considering migration and labour studies as separate domains.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.067 | 0.016 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".