Bibliographic record
Abstract
At its inception the labour movement was almost instinctively internationalist in its outlook. In the twentieth century, however, there was a steady drift towards a more “nation-statist” perspective by most Northern unions and labour movements, examined in the section on the national era below. Conventionally, the First World War is seen as the point at which labour internationalism died. Following the Second World War the international labour movement was split by the Cold War between the West and “communism”. This gave rise to the nefarious practice of “trade union imperialism”, through which Western unions sought to influence their counterparts in the South. The international trade unions also began to counter the multinationals in the 1970s, however, in what we can call a transition period, by trying to build countervailing power on the labour side of the capital/wage labour relation. There is now, across the political spectrum and across the world, a feeling that we are entering a new period of labour internationalism. The global era demands a global labour response now that the divisions of the Cold War are a distant memory. In a way, this “new” internationalism is renewing a very “old” tradition of the labour movement, reaching back to the First International of Marx’s day. We examine how labour internationalism has developed in the era of globalization as we, supposedly, move beyond the nation state. I suggest that this new internationalism has not always surpassed the traditional conception of transnational collective bargaining. It needs to embrace a more “social movement” type of unionism in order to remain relevant and to represent the emerging global working class. The national era It is remarkable how relevant the debates of nineteenth-century internationalism are for us now in the era of globalization. The second half of the nineteenth century also saw a move towards globalization, with world trade increasing sixfold between 1850 and 1890. Van der Linden, writing about the period of Western state formation, could be referring to the present when he writes: “[A]n improved transport and communication network led to a heightened mobility of labour power and capital, and in its wake a weakening of unions organised solely at a local level” (van der Linden 1988: 324).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.018 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.073 | 0.030 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".