Association of Time in Range with Cognitive Impairment in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract OBJECTIVE This study investigated the association of Time In Range (TIR) obtained from Blood Glucose Monitoring (BGM) with Cognitive Impairment (CI) inpatients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and further explored whether a TIR goal for T2DM in adults with > 70% possess a protective effect on cognitive function. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 274 inpatients with T2DM aged 40–64 years, who underwent seven-point BGM (120 mins pre and post meals and at bedtime) were recruited in this cross-sectional study. TIR was defined as the percentage of blood glucose within the target range of 3.9-10.0mmol/L. Subjects were divided into Normal Cognitive Function (NCF) (n = 160) and CI (n = 114) groups according to the results of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The association of TIR and other glycemic metrics, calculated from seven-point BGM data, with cognitive dysfunction was analyzed. RESULTS The prevalence of CI was 41.6% in patients with T2DM (median age 58 years). TIR was lower in CI group than in NCF group (28.6% vs. 42.9%, P = 0.004). The prevalence of CI decreased with ascending tertiles of TIR (p for trend < 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between TIR and CI (odds ratio [OR] = 0.84, p < 0.001) after adjusting for confounders (age, education, marital status, age at Diabetes Mellitus (DM) onset, cerebrovascular disease). Further adjustment of Standard Deviation (SD)(OR = 0.84, p = 0.001) or Coefficient of Variation (CV)(OR = 0.83, p < 0.001), TIR was still associated with CI. While a TIR goal of > 70% probably possessed independent protective effect on cognitive function (OR = 0.25, p = 0.001) after controlling for confounders above. CONCLUSIONS TIR obtained from BGM was related to CI in T2DM patients and a TIR goal of > 70% probably possessed a protective effect on cognitive function for T2DM adults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".