Structural properties and immune‐enhancing activities of galactan isolated from red seaweed <i>Grateloupia filicina</i>
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A water‐soluble polysaccharide (GFP) was isolated from Grateloupia filicina and fractionated using a DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column to evaluate immunostimulatory activity. Carbohydrates (62.0%–68.4%) and sulfates (29.3%–34.3%) were the major components of GFP and its fractions (GFP‐1 and GFP‐2), with relatively lower levels of proteins (4.5%–15.4%) and uronic acid (1.4%–3.9%). The average molecular weight ( M w ) for GFP and its fractions was calculated between 98.2%–243.7 kDa. The polysaccharides were composed of galactose (62.1%–87.2%), glucose (4.5%–33.2%), xylose (3.1%–5.3%), mannose (1.4%–2.2%), rhamnose (1.2%–2.0%), and arabinose (0.9%–1.7%) units connected through →3)‐Galp‐(1→, →4)‐Galp‐(1→, →2)‐Galp‐(1→, →6)‐Galp‐(1→, →3,4)‐Galp ‐(1→, →3,6)‐Galp‐(1→, →4,6)‐Galp‐(1→, →3,4,6)‐Galp‐(1→, →2,3)‐Galp‐(1→, →2,4)‐Galp‐(1→, →4)‐Glcp‐(1→, →6)‐Glcp‐(1→ and →4,6)‐Glcp‐(1→residues. The isolated polysaccharides effectively induced RAW264.7 murine macrophages by releasing nitric oxide (NO) and various cytokines via nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Further, the expression of toll‐like receptor‐2 (TLR‐2) and TLR‐4 in RAW264.7 cells indicated their activation through TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 binding receptors. Among the polysaccharides, GFP‐1 highly stimulated the activation of RAW264.7 cells, which was mainly constituted of (→1) terminal‐D‐galactopyranosyl, (1→3)‐linked‐ᴅ‐galactopyranosyl, (1→4)‐linked‐ᴅ‐galactopyranosyl and (1→3,4) ‐linked‐ᴅ‐galactopyranosyl residues. These findings demonstrate that GFP‐1 from G. filicina are effective at stimulating the immune system and this warrants further investigation to determine potential biomedical applications.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it