Mineralogical and geochemical studies of Cu-Bi-Ag±W ores from Janjevo (Kosovo): Insights into the Bi sulfosalt mineralogy and the distribution of bismuth in base metal sulfides
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work presents a mineralogical and geochemical study of Cu-Bi-Ag ± W ores from Janjevo in the Trepça Mineral Belt in Kosovo.This locality indicates a new type of Bi-Cu ± Au mineralization within the Kizhnica-Hajvalia-Badovc ore field, including Cu-Bi ± Ag ± As sulfosalts paragenesis previously not described in Kosovo and in this part of the Vardar Zone.Chemical composition of Bi-Pb ± Cu ±Ag and Cu-Bi ± Ag ± As sulfosalts, sulfides, and associated minerals, as well as their paragenetic relationships and the distribution of minor and trace elements in main ore minerals, are discussed based on microscopy, microprobe, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry studies.The Cu-Bi-Ag ± W hydrothermal mineralization in Janjevo was formed during four stages: (1) Early base metal stage, (2) Bismuth stage, (3) Main stage, and (4) Late stage.The Early base metal stage is represented by pyrite, sphalerite I, chalcopyrite I, galena I, bournonite I, tetrahedrite I, siderite, and quartz.The Bismuth stage includes arsenopyrite I, löllingite, native bismuth, galena II, chalcopyrite II, tetrahedrite II, quartz, siderite, and Bi-Pb ± Cu ± Ag sulfosalts: bismuthinite, aikinite, krupkaite, cosalite, and gustavite.The Main stage is represented by chalcopyrite III, tetrahedrite group minerals (tetrahedrite and tennantite) III, galena III, sphalerite II, arsenopyrite II, bournonite II, and siderite.The Cu-Bi ± Ag ± As sulfosalts (pearceite, cupropearceite, wittichenite, and an unknown phase: AgCuBiS 3 ) associated with galena IV, siderite, and quartz were formed in the final low-temperature Late stage.The application of GGIMFis geothermometry on sphalerite gives the following sphalerite precipitation temperatures: 220-272 °C for sphalerite I and 160-190 °C for sphalerite II.Presented results show that in addition to numerous Bi sulfosalts in Janjevo Cu-Bi-Ag ± W ores, bismuth has been incorporated into base metal sulfides, as well as arsenopyrite.The main carrier of bismuth is arsenopyrite I, which has started the crystallization of the bismuth stage.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it