Glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase as markers of brain dysfunction in adolescents with diabetic ketoacidosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the most prevalent and severe acute complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) in children and adolescents. Oxidative stress (OS) is viewed on the one hand as a possible pathophysiological element in the development of this complication, and on the other, as an important factor that triggers the development of cerebral insufficiency in patients with type 1 DM. Aim: to study the content of antioxidant enzymes in adolescents with type 1 DM in the setting of DKA and determine the correlation between the concentration of glutathione peroxidase (GP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and brain dysfunction after the manifestation of DKA. Materials and methods. The study involved 52 adolescents (mean age − (16.7±1.25) years), of whom 26 were patients with type 1 DM complicated by DKA (study group; duration of disease − (6.5±0.46) years) and 26 were apparently healthy adolescents (control group). Cognitive functioning was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. Concentration of GP and SOD was assessed in serum samples by ELISA. Mann-Whitney test was used to assess differences between means, and Spearman’s coefficient was used to calculate correlations. Results. Assessment using the MoCA tool showed a statistically significant cognitive decline in adolescents who had an episode of DKA (p = 0.0001). Another statistically significant finding in DKA was the lower mean levels of both GP (p = 0.0031) and SOD (p = 0.0173). Negative correlation was discovered between values obtained in the MoCA test and duration of disease and number of hospital admissions with DKA, and between GP levels and number of admissions with DKA, as reflected in patient history. Positive correlation was discovered between GP and SOD levels and values obtained in the MoCA test. Discussion. Patients were found to have decreased antioxidant defense, along with brain dysfunction, after the manifestation of DKA. DKAassociated impairment of antioxidant defense is one of the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning the development of cognitive dysfunction in adolescents with type 1 DM. Conclusion GP and SOD can be viewed as markers of DKA-associated brain dysfunction in patients with type 1 DM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".