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Record W4385819961 · doi:10.1109/comst.2023.3299519

A Survey on Threat Hunting in Enterprise Networks

2023· article· en· W4385819961 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.

Bibliographic record

VenueIEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · 2023
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicNetwork Security and Intrusion Detection
Canadian institutionsConcordia UniversityEricsson (Canada)
FundersConcordia University
KeywordsComputer securityComputer scienceIntrusion detection systemProactivityCyber threatsHoneypotRisk analysis (engineering)Business

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

With the rapidly evolving technological landscape, the huge development of the Internet of Things, and the embracing of digital transformation, the world is witnessing an explosion in data generation and a rapid evolution of new applications that lead to new, wider, and more sophisticated threats that are complex and hard to be detected. Advanced persistence threats use continuous, clandestine, and sophisticated techniques to gain access to a system and remain hidden for a prolonged period of time, with potentially destructive consequences. Those stealthy attacks are often not detectable by advanced intrusion detection systems (e.g., LightBasin attack was detected in 2022 and has been active since 2016). Indeed, threat actors are able to quickly and intelligently alter their tactics to avoid being detected by security defense lines (e.g., prevention and detection mechanisms). In response to these evolving threats, organizations need to adopt new proactive defense approaches. Threat hunting is a proactive security line exercised to uncover stealthy attacks, malicious activities, and suspicious entities that could circumvent standard detection mechanisms. Additionally, threat hunting is an iterative approach to generate and revise threat hypotheses endeavoring to provide early attack detection in a proactive way. The proactiveness consists of testing and validating the initial hypothesis using various manual and automated tools/techniques with the objective of confirming/refuting the existence of an attack. This survey studies the threat hunting concept and provides a comprehensive review of the existing solutions for Enterprise networks. In particular, we provide a threat hunting taxonomy based on the used technique and a sub-classification based on the detailed approach. Furthermore, we discuss the existing standardization efforts. Finally, we provide a qualitative discussion on current advances and identify various research gaps and challenges that may be considered by the research community to design concrete and efficient threat hunting solutions.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.013
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.678
Threshold uncertainty score0.838

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0130.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.003
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0030.001
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.069
GPT teacher head0.316
Teacher spread0.247 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it