Fabrication and Characterization of Soil Moisture Sensors on a Biodegradable, Cellulose-Based Substrate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Internet of things (IoT) systems for precision agriculture offer the opportunity for more efficient use of water and fertilizers. Here, capacitive moisture sensors are screen-printed on a fully biodegradable paper substrate infiltrated with cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). Screen-printed trace quality on the CNF-composite substrate is comparable to traces printed on polyimide and superior to traces printed on conventional cardstock. CNF-composite sensors absorb moisture and are shown to respond to changes in relative humidity (RH) in air. Sensors measured in loamy sand, similar to soil found in midwestern agricultural fields, are shown to respond to changes in soil moisture. The sensors demonstrate fast response times in both air and soil, making them ideal for use in agricultural applications. Small feature sizes achievable through screen-printing on the CNF-composite enable their direct use in 902–928 MHz chipless passive wireless sensing systems, as the fabricated sensors are shown to have a self-resonance well above the operating frequency band.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".