High Efficiency Production of Urea from Electrochemical Coreduction of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrite at Carbon Supported Iron(III) Tetrasulfophthalocyanine Under Ambient Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrochemical coreduction of carbon dioxide with nitrite can potentially be used to remove two serious pollutants from the environment while producing urea as an essential fertilizer and valuable fuel. However, efficiencies are currently much too low due to the high overpotentials required and/or low faradaic efficiency (FE) for urea formation. Although metal phthalocyanine catalysts can provide reasonably high FE (≤42%), high negative potentials (≤−0.75 V vs RHE) are required. Here it is shown that a water soluble, sulfonated iron(III) phthalocyanine can produce a higher FE for urea (54%) at +0.053 V vs RHE, with 25% coproduction of ammonia. Urea production was measured by the diacetyl monoxime (DAM) method, and verified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Electrodes prepared with a carbon black support and Nafion binder exhibited good stability in the 0.1 M NaHCO 3 electrolyte.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".