Association of Serum Very-Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids With Changes in Insulin Sensitivity and β-Cell Function: The Prospective Metabolism and Islet Cell Evaluation (PROMISE) Cohort
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A unique group of circulating very-long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLCSFAs), including arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0), have been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, although associations with early metabolic risk phenotypes preceding type 2 diabetes have received limited study. We aimed to examine the associations of VLCSFAs with longitudinal changes in insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in a cohort at risk for type 2 diabetes. VLCSFAs in the four main serum pools (phospholipid, triacylglycerol, cholesteryl ester, and nonesterified fatty acid) were extracted from fasting baseline samples (n = 467). Generalized estimating equations were used to determine the associations between VLCSFAs and changes over 9 years in validated indices of insulin sensitivity (HOMA2-%S [insulin sensitivity as percentage of normal population and ISI) and β-cell function (insulinogenic index [IGI], IGI divided by HOMA-insulin resistance [IGI/IR], and insulin secretion sensitivity index 2 [ISSI-2]). Associations of VLCSFAs with outcomes were strongest in the triacylglycerol lipid pool: 20:0 was positively associated with both insulin sensitivity and β-cell function (5.01% increase in HOMA2-%S and 4.01-6.28% increase in IGI/IR and ISSI-2 per SD increase in 20:0); 22:0 was positively associated with insulin sensitivity, with a 6.55% increase in HOMA2-%S and a 5.80% increase in ISI per SD increase in 22:0. Lastly, 24:0 was positively associated with insulin sensitivity and β-cell function (7.94-8.45% increase in HOMA2-%S and ISI, and a 4.61-6.93% increase in IGI/IR and ISSI-2 per SD increase in 24:0). Fewer significant associations were observed in the cholesteryl ester and nonesterified pools. Overall, our results indicate positive longitudinal associations of VLCSFAs with insulin sensitivity and β-cell function, especially within the triacylglycerol pool.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".