Improving Deep Features for Image Retrieval Using Multi-Source Spatial Information
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The representational quality of the generated feature vectors for images is essential for image retrieval models to achieve high performance. Spatial information is crucial in obtaining highly representative feature vectors for image retrieval, and deep convolutional neural networks provide an excellent framework to generate such features. Through convolutional operations, deep convolutional neural networks include spatial information in the feature maps. However, most available architectures cannot include adequate spatial details in the feature maps required for high-performance image retrieval. Deep residual networks are deep networks capable of including useful information through residual learning. This paper proposes a novel residual block to generate feature maps by focusing on spatial information. The proposed residual block comprises three modules: a spatial feature extraction module, a hierarchical feature extraction module, and a feature fusion module. The first module includes spatial information in the feature maps at different levels of abstraction, while the second module includes spatial information using conventional convolution hierarchy. The third model fuses the outputs of the first two modules to provide a very rich set of feature maps. The present study tests a deep network employing the proposed residual block. The results indicate that the proposed network performs comparably or is superior to state-of-the-art methods on standard benchmarks, thus showing the effectiveness of the proposed residual block in improving the representational capacity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".