An Affine Arithmetic-Based Energy Management System for Cooperative Multi-Microgrid Networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents an Energy Management System (EMS) for a Multi-Microgrid (MMG) system that considers power exchanges between a set of interconnected microgrids (MGs) in an Active Distribution Network (ADN), taking into account electricity demand and renewable energy generation uncertainties using an Affine Arithmetic (AA) approach. The deterministic EMS model is formulated as a cost minimization problem which includes detailed operational constraints of thermal generators and Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) within each MG, as well as power flow limits at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC), considering all power exchanges among the set of MGs and the ADN. The uncertainties are formulated in the AA domain to obtain an EMS model that is robust for a range of realizations of the uncertain parameters, with no need of statistical assumptions or repeated calculations, which can be solved with relatively low computational burden, as opposed to other approaches such as Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). The proposed AA model is then tested and validated with data of a set of MGs in an ADN located in São Paulo, Brazil, through comparisons with the deterministic model, MCS, and a Two-Stage Stochastic Programming (TSSP) approach. Results show an execution time improvement in the AA model of approximately 70% when compared to a MCS approach, which is expected to be slower, while considering the same range of uncertainties. Furthermore, the operation cost of the overall system decreases, as expected, by approximately 63% when power exchanges are enabled, as opposed to the individual operation of each MG, demonstrating the economic benefit of MMG systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".