Effect of mowing on population maintenance of the endangered silver-studded blue butterfly, Plebejus subsolanus iburiensis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), throughout its life cycle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: The decline in semi-natural grasslands is posing a threat to several grassland insect species, including the silver-studded blue butterfly, Plebejus subsolanus ssp. iburiensis, which is nationally rare species of wild fauna in Japan. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the impact of mowing on larval and adult populations of P. subsolanus in a conservation area and to identify suitable habitat management methods for this species and other butterflies. We surveyed the number of larvae and adults of P. subsolanus, other butterfly species, and the height, cover, and number of inflorescences of the host plant (Vicia unijuga), in both mowed and unmowed areas. Results: Larvae only appeared in the mowed area, and the cover and height of host plant were markedly higher in the mowed area. Furthermore, the number of adult P. subsolanus was substantially higher in the mowed areas. However, no statistical differences were observed in the number of other butterfly species, species richness, inflorescences or number of flowering plants between the mowed and unmowed areas. Discussion: The mowed area is an important habitat for both larvae and adults of P. subsolanus. Although there were no differences in the number of other butterfly species and flowering plants between the mowed and unmowed areas, the vegetation height was negatively correlated with these variables. Implications for insect conservation: Our results show that the creation of areas with reduced vegetation height could be effective in the conservation management of butterfly and floral communities, including P. subsolanus and its host plants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".