Dark matter from higher-dimensional primordial black holes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The evaporation of primordial black holes provides a promising dark matter production mechanism without relying on any nongravitational interactions between the dark sector and the Standard Model. In theories of ``large'' extra dimensions (LEDs), the true scale of quantum gravity, ${M}_{*}$, could be well below the Planck scale, thus allowing for energetic particle collisions to produce microscopic black holes in the primordial plasma at temperatures as low as $T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. Additionally, LEDs modify the relationship between black hole mass, radius, and temperature, allowing microscopic black holes to grow to macroscopic sizes in the early Universe. In this work we study three scenarios for the production of dark matter via LED black holes: (1) delayed evaporating black holes (DEBHs) which grow to macroscopic sizes before ultimately evaporating, (2) instantly evaporating black holes (IEBHs) which immediately evaporate, and (3) stable black hole relics with a mass ${M}_{*}$ known as Planckeons. For a given reheating temperature, ${T}_{\mathrm{RH}}$, we show that DEBHs produce significantly less dark matter than both IEBHs and Planckeons. IEBHs are able to produce the observed relic abundance of dark matter so long as the reheating scale is in the range ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ensuremath{\le}{T}_{\mathrm{RH}}/{M}_{*}\ensuremath{\le}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. We calculate the average speed for the resulting dark matter and show that it would be sufficiently cold for all dark matter masses ${m}_{dm}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. This mechanism is viable for any scale of quantum gravity in the range ${10}^{4}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}\ensuremath{\le}{M}_{*}\ensuremath{\le}{M}_{\mathrm{Pl}}$ and for any number of LEDs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".