Asclepias syriaca L.: Common milkweed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Asclepias syriaca L. (ASCSY, fam. Apocynaceae) is a weed originating from the northern parts of the central, northeastern and southeastern America, as well as the vicinal areas of Canada. The common milkweed was introduced to Europe at the beginning of the 19th century as the honey, ornamental and fiber/silk plant. Today, it occurs in many countries of the western and Central Europe (France, Austria, Czech Republic, Belgium, Germany, Lithuania, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia, Romania, Bulgaria and Russia). The first cases of A. syriaca in Serbia were noted in the 1920s. The common milkweed is the most common on the non-agricultural areas, from where it spreads to the surrounding cultivated areas. This perennial species can grow up to 1.2 m and it has plenty of the underground adventitious buds from which it reproduces vegetatively. The spherical umbels are in the axis of the upper leaves, the flowers of which have a pleasant smell and purple to deep purplish pink color. It is a diploid (2n = 22), self-pollinating plant, with the hybridization between the species of the genus Asclepias being very rare. One plant can produce 1-6 fruits, with every fruit containing 150-425 seeds. This species prefers fertile, well-drained soils, but also thrives in very dry soils. The optimal development is achieved in moderately light and moderately warm, neutral to slightly alkaline habitats, tolerating the soil pH values of 4-5. The seeds germinate at a temperature of 20-30ºC. Late frosts of -1 to -2ºC destroy young seedlings, while adult plants can survive that temperature. A. syriaca has allelopathic properties and a negative impact towards a number of plants, both with crops (maize, soybean, sunflower and cultivated Sorghum) and weeds (Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Lepidium sativum and Ambrosia artemisiifolia). It can affect the seed germination and the development of the crop seedlings, leading to the significant yield reduction when its occurrence is massive. The control measures include: crop rotation, cultivation of competitive crops, mechanical removal of plants along with the roots, while chemical control measures are recommended as a preventive method, using glyphosate and triclopyr on non-agricultural areas to prevent the weeds from entering the fields.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".