Canada sees further upstream growth despite tough climate pledges
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada sees further upstream growth despite tough climate pledgesCanada is often overlooked as a major oil producer, coming fourth in the world rankings.Most output is focused on Alberta, and more is planned, with high emissions from production increasingly mitigated by the use of extensive carbon capture and storage facilities.Canada saw crude oil production hit a record average of 5.87 mn bpd in 2022, according to the IEA-fourth behind only the United States, Russia, and Saudi Arabia.The vast majority of output is concentrated in the province of Alberta, much of it in the form of oil sands-with Saskatchewan and Newfoundland/Labrador provinces also producing significant volumes.As with Norway, the higher output comes against a background of increasingly tight domestic energy transition regulations, including a carbon tax, which could make life more difficult for producers over coming years, although there is little sign of a let up in upstream activity so far.Energy is critical to Canada's economy; it makes up 10% of the nation's GDP, draws capital into the country and significantly boosts Canada's trade surplus.As the country transitions away from oil and gas, the potential for renewables is also huge, while much of the country's power sector is already driven by zero carbon hydro and nuclear.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".