Sex differences in self-reported spatial abilities and affect: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present meta-analysis of 559 effect sizes examined sex differences in self-reported spatial abilities and affect, and their potential moderators. Results revealed a mean g of 0.498 (95% CI = 0.468 to 0.528), indicating that, on average, males tend to report better abilities and more positive affect toward spatial tasks than females. The moderating role of age in the overall sample showed that sex differences emerge during adolescence. Moderator analyses separately for each ability or affect dimension showed an effect of age similar to that in the overall sample for spatial anxiety scales. We discuss the implications of the results for a potential role of gender stereotype endorsement, sexual maturity, and experiential factors in self-reported spatial abilities and affect along with suggestions for future research.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it