The Effects Of Shell Printing On The 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated By Binder Jetting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a novel technique for producing metallic materials with complicated shapes and designs. Other than powder bed fusion, binder jetting (BJ) is also one of the AM processes for metallic materials. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influences of shell printing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of BJ 316L stainless steel. The roles of building direction (0, 45, and 90) were also studied to clarify the anisotropy in the microstructure and mechanical performances. The microstructural features were analyzed using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction. The results showed that after 1380 sintering, the BJ 316L consisted of austenite and minor delta ferrite. Moreover, after 1380 sintering, the sintered densities of BJ 316L fabricated by shell printing were 7.87~7.90 cm 3 . The building direction did not apparently affect the sintered density and tensile properties. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation after fracture ranged from 532 MPa to 557 MPa and from 83 % to 90 %, respectively. These findings indicated that the 316L with high tensile properties and low anisotropic mechanical performance can be produced by the shell printing of BJ technique.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".