Thermodynamic Modelling Of Belite Clinker Mineralogy During Manufacture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The production of belite-rich clinkers is an alternative to reduce the environmental impacts of using fossil fuels, as it decreases the clinkering temperature in cement manufacturing.The sustainability of this approach can be improved by combining it with the coprocessing of industrial by-products as raw materials in clinker production.However, using alternative materials can add impurities that change the stability of the clinker phases.Na2O and K2O are widely available in co-processed materials in the cement industry.However, their effects on all manufacturing steps still need to be clarified, and running extensive experimental programs can be costly and timeconsuming.In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of alkali metals Na and K on the phase evolution of belite clinker during manufacturing.The influence of Na and K was evaluated by thermodynamic modelling based on the Gibbs energy minimisation parameters and developed in the FactSage software.The discussion focused on the phase assemblage during heating and cooling in manufacturing, melt phase viscosity, and compatibility with findings from experimental investigations of reference studies.Thermodynamic calculations allowed the accurate modelling of the belitic clinker composition.The modelling results agreed with the findings of previous experimental studies, which reported an increased melt viscosity and the decrease of C2S by about 6 and 12 wt.% in the presence of 2.0 wt.% K2O and 1.5 wt.% Na2O.The alkali metals enhanced the Ca3SiO5 (C3S) content and extended the temperature range of additional Ca2SiO4 ' (C2S) formation on cooling.Ca3(Al,Fe)O6 (C3(A,F)) was destabilised in doped clinkers.With K2O, the decrease was associated with increased Ca2(Al,Fe)O5 (C2(A,F)) and potassium-doped calcium silicates as minor phases (K2Ca6Si4O15, K2CaSiO4, K2MgSiO4, and K2Ca2Si2O7).For Na2O, the decrease resulted in the formation of orthorhombic tricalcium aluminate (C3Ao) and minor phases, including Na2Ca3Al16O28, Na2CaSiO4, NaAlSiO4, Na2MgSiO4, NaFeO2, and Na2SiO3.The alkali metals notably altered the highest melt content from 26.17 wt.% (B) to 40.38 wt.% (2.0%K2O) and 36.95wt.% (1.5% Na2O).It may cause implications during manufacturing on an industrial scale.However, besides the content, the viscosity of the melt phase also plays a crucial role in the stability of clinker nodules during manufacturing.It can indicate the necessary conditions for the formation of clinker compounds.The highest C3S amount was obtained when the melt viscosity of the systems reached 0.15 0.02 Pa.s.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".