Association Between Urinary Bisphenols and Body Composition Among American Adults: Cross-Sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol F (BPF) are widely used in various consumer products. They are environmental contaminants with estrogenic properties that have been linked to various health outcomes. Understanding their impact on body composition is crucial for identifying potential health risks and developing preventive strategies. However, most current studies have only focused on their relationship with BMI. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the association between urinary levels of BPA, BPS, and BPF and body composition, including BMI, lean mass, and fat mass, in a large population-based sample. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2016. Body composition data were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, which provided precise measurements of lean mass, fat mass, and other indicators. We used multivariate linear regression models to estimate the associations, adjusting for potential confounders such as age, gender, race, socioeconomic factors, and lifestyle variables. RESULTS: The results revealed significant associations between bisphenol exposure and body composition. After adjusting for covariates, BPS showed a positive association with BMI, with quartiles 3 and 4 having 0.91 (95% CI 0.34-1.48) and 1.15 (95% CI 0.55-1.74) higher BMI, respectively, compared with quartile 1 (P<.001). BPA was negatively associated with total lean mass (TLM) and appendicular lean mass, with quartiles 2, 3, and 4 having -7.85 (95% CI -11.44 to -4.25), -12.33 (95% CI -16.12 to -8.54), and -11.08 (95% CI -15.16 to -7.01) lower TLM, respectively, compared with quartile 1 (P<.001). BPS was negatively associated with TLM, with quartiles 3 (β=-10.53, 95% CI -16.98 to -4.08) and 4 (β=-11.14, 95% CI -17.83 to -4.45) having significantly lower TLM (P=.005). Both BPA and BPS showed a positive dose-response relationship with trunk fat (BPA: P=.002; BPS: P<.001) and total fat (BPA: P<.001; BPS: P=.01). No significant association was found between BPF and any body composition parameter. CONCLUSIONS: This large-sample study highlights the associations between urinary levels of BPA and BPS and alterations in body composition, including changes in lean mass, fat mass, and regional fat distribution. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the potential health risks associated with bisphenol exposure and emphasize the need for targeted interventions to mitigate adverse effects on body composition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".