<scp>Mussel‐Inspired</scp> Adhesive Hydrogels: Chemistry and Biomedical Applications<sup>†</sup>
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Comprehensive Summary Adhesive hydrogels are an emerging class of hydrogels that combine three‐dimensional hydrated networks with adhesive properties. These properties facilitate intimate tissue‐material contact in diverse biomedical applications, enhancing tissue joining, drug transport, and signal transmission. Inspired by the universal adhesiveness of mussel foot proteins, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl‐ L ‐alanine (DOPA) and its analogs have been extensively exploited for the fabrication of adhesive hydrogels, within which the DOPA moieties can not only serve as cross‐linking mediators but also participate in various intermolecular and surface interactions to mediate wet adhesion. This mini‐review highlights recent achievements in the development of mussel‐inspired adhesive hydrogels, focusing on: (1) elucidating DOPA‐mediated adhesion mechanisms through nanomechanical characterizations, (2) designing injectable adhesive hydrogels toward applications in drug delivery, hemostasis, and wound closure, which includes in situ gelling liquids and shear‐thinning preformed hydrogels, and (3) fabricating tough adhesive hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties for use in tissue regeneration, biosensing, and bioimaging, with typical examples of nanocomposite and double‐network hydrogels. The challenges and prospects in this rapidly developing field are also discussed.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it