ENTREPRENEURSHIP COMPETENCIES IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS: EFFECTS OF AGE AND GENDER
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Entrepreneurs are more than ever very important economic actors in all societies.In many countries such as Canada, governments are mobilizing school curricula to include activities aimed to develop entrepreneurship competencies in high school students.However, there is no clear data on the actual level of these competencies among high school students.This comparative study examines levels of entrepreneurship qualities in a sample of n=5527 high school students from the province of Québec and compares results with n=5309 adult subjects.Entrepreneurship is measured with the Entrepreneurship Qualities Questionnaire (EQQ, L'Heureux, 2000) which contains 59 items grouped in 6 continuous scales (Commitment, Motivation, Result-oriented, Creativity, Self-competition, Leadership).Results of univariate ANOVAs show a clear and strong linear relationship with age on all entrepreneurship scales.High school students have the lowest scores and older adults have the highest.There is some small effect of gender.These results suggest the importance of entrepreneurship contents in high school curricula in order to give opportunities for students to develop the fundamental competencies for becoming successful entrepreneurs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".