Experimental Testing Of a 400 KWh Steel Slag-Based Thermal Energy Storage Prototype for Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is a clear need to develop cost-effective thermal energy storage systems to improve industrial energy efficiency since great amounts of energy is lost as waste heat.In this paper, a cost-effective 400 kWh thermal energy storage prototype for waste heat recovery at high temperature is tested over different charging and discharging conditions.The technology studied is based on the use of steel slag as thermal energy storage material and air as heat transfer fluid, in a packed bed reactor of 1 m 3 .Since the steel slag is a byproduct of the steelmaking industry its cost is almost negligible, whilst its thermomechanical properties make it very attractive to store heat.The aim of the testing studies is to gather information regarding the heat exchange efficiency between the heat transfer fluid and the slag in different temperature levels, reproducing common industrial off-gas waste heat release.Finally, with these results a technoeconomic calculation approach is provided in the frame of a real waste heat recovery plant in the steelmaking industry, which confirms this technology as a very promising candidate for waste heat recovery solutions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".