Bibliographic record
Abstract
Empire and imperial frameworks, policies, practices, and cultures have shaped the history of the world for the last two millennia. It is nation states that are the ‘blip on the historical horizon’ even if states, societies, and monarchies had long existed within empires.1Close This book re-examines empire as process—and Ireland’s role in it—through the lens of early modernity. It covers the two hundred years between the mid-sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth century that equate roughly to the timespan of the ‘First English Empire’ in the early modern period (c.1550–c.1770s). And, it is an English, rather than British, empire. After 1707 and the political union between England and Scotland, the Scots participated as equals (at least on paper) in colonial activity. However, as John MacKenzie has argued, this did not make the empire ‘British’.2Close That said, colonial initiatives in Ireland, the Atlantic, and Asia did involve peoples from all four nations that comprised the Stuart multiple monarchy. The First English Empire was, as Ken MacMillan notes, ‘ideologically principled’ with a ‘broadly consistent (if generally un-intrusive) system of imperial governance’.3Close It was also a global empire intent on economic exploitation. By the 1660s it included Tangier in the Mediterranean, Bombay and other holdings in India, the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic, islands in the Caribbean, territories along the east coast of America stretching from Newfoundland in the north to South Carolina, and, of course, Ireland. By the late eighteenth century, according to Sir George McCartney, the County Antrim-born statesman, diplomat, and governor of Grenada, Madras, and the Cape Colony, the First English Empire was ‘this vast empire on which the sun never sets and whose bounds nature has not yet ascertained’.4Close
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.640 | 0.460 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".