A Content-based Viewport Prediction Framework for 360° Video Using Personalized Federated Learning and Fusion Techniques
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Viewport prediction is a key enabler for 360° video streaming over wireless networks. To improve the prediction accuracy, a common approach is to use a content-based viewport prediction model. Saliency detection based on traditional convolutional neural networks (CNNs) suffers from distortion due to equirectangular projection. Also, the viewers may have their own viewing behavior and are not willing to share their historical head movement with others. To address the aforementioned issues, in this paper, we first develop a saliency detection model using a spherical CNN (SPCNN). Then, we train the viewers’ head movement prediction model using personalized federated learning (PFL). Finally, we propose a content-based viewport prediction framework by integrating the video saliency map and the head orientation map of each viewer using fusion techniques. The experimental results show that our proposed framework provides higher average accuracy and precision when compared with three state-of-the-art algorithms from the literature.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it