Measuring varied signs of urban sprawl with data from travel surveys and censuses: multi-perspective study of the Greater Montreal Area
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Declining household size, spreading of single detached houses, increased car ownership, population ageing, declining household density in central areas, development of secondary business areas… In reply to those well known trends, we propose a framework for the analysis and measure of varied signs of urban sprawl.Our approach draws on a formalization of the urban planning system in ten interactions providing guidance for the analysis, measure and, in the long run, modelling of the system. Our research relies on high definition household travel surveys combined, according to totally disaggregate standards, to census data reflecting the historical dynamics of settlements. The urban sprawl phenomenon is furthermore revealed through the spatio-temporal behaviour of various urban objects: dwelling units, households, individuals and locations allowing the participation in several activities. Given that foremost trends are well known, our interest relies on the spatial refinement of those analyses, now feasible on the one hand by the totally disaggregate nature of the available data and, on the other hand, by the use of new indicators revealing the evolution of the several urban objects exposing the urban sprawl phenomenon. Diminution de la taille des ménages, propagation des unités de logement de type unifamilial, motorisation accrue, vieillissement de la population, diminution de la densité résidentielle dans les secteurs centraux, apparition de pôles d’emplois secondaires… En réplique à ces tendances lourdes maintes fois évoquées, nous proposons une démarche d’analyse et de mesure de diverses expressions du phénomène d’étalement urbain.Notre approche s’articule autour d’une formalisation du système mobilité-urbanisme en dix interactions urbaines cadrant l’exercice d’analyse, de mesure et éventuellement de modélisation. Notre recherche s’appuie sur les enquêtes ménages transport de haute définition, couplées, de manière désagrégée, à des données de recensement reflétant notamment la dynamique historique de la spatialisation des unités résidentielles. L’étalement urbain se manifeste en outre à travers l’évolution spatio-temporelle de multiples objets urbains : unités de logement, ménages, personnes et lieux soutenant la réalisation des activités urbaines. Les grandes tendances étant bien connues, notre intérêt porte sur le raffinement spatial de ces analyses rendu possible d’une part par la nature totalement désagrégée des données disponibles et d’autre part par la mise à contribution de nouveaux indicateurs permettant d’apprécier la grande diversité d’évolution des différents objets urbains témoignant de l’étalement urbain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".