Foaming Properties of Lignosulfonates in the Flotation Process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
S) and bad odors. Previous studies showed that molybdenite flotation can be depressed by the action of lignosulfonates, but no significant progress has been made in studying the effect that these reagents have on the foaming/frothing phenomena in flotation. The objective of this work was to investigate the foaming properties of three samples of lignosulfonates through measurements of surface tension, foamability, bubble size distributions, and water recovery. A sugared sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS), a calcium lignosulfonate (CaLS), and a sample prepared by sulphomethylation of kraft lignin (KLS) were tested. It was found that all lignosulfonates displayed surface activity that decreased with pH and was related to the degree of anionicity and molecular weight. The NaLS lignosulfonate showed the highest dynamic foamability index (DFI) value, compared to that of the CaLS and KLS samples. The lignosulfonates tested in this study strongly affected bubble size. Water recovery tests performed using flotation experiments in a two-phase system showed that the KLS and NaLS samples had the strongest effect, which correlated with the surface tension, foamability, and bubble size results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".