Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrolytes have been used as thermodynamic ice inhibitors since they can depress the melting point of ice by lowering the activity of water. However, the kinetic aspects of electrolytes on ice nucleation have been unclear. Here we report an experimental study of the nucleation rate of ice in quasi-free droplets of eight dilute monovalent salt solutions suspended at an interface between two immiscible liquids of perfluoromethyldecalin and squalane. The studied salts were sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), lithium chloride (LiCl), sodium bromide (NaBr), potassium bromide (KBr), lithium bromide (LiBr), sodium iodide (NaI), and potassium iodide (KI). The results showed that some monovalent salts increased the nucleation rate of ice at low supercoolings (high temperatures), and this increase was largely independent of the salt concentrations up to 100 mM. This finding is in marked contrast to the previous finding that the same combinations of the monovalent salts promoted the nucleation of methane–propane mixed gas hydrates, suggesting that a fundamental difference may exist between the nucleation mechanisms of ice and clathrate hydrates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".