Molecular Characterization of Hydatigera taeniaeformis Recovered from Rats: An Update from Pakistan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rodents are one of the most abundant and successful mammals on the planet.The rats harbor the metacestode stage of Hydatigera taeniaeformis serving as the intermediate hosts, whereas cats act as definitive hosts of the parasite.The incidence of the larval stage in rats has been documented in various regions of the world.To best of our knowledge, the mainstream studies on the genetic diversity of H. taeniaeformis are based on the cox1 gene which precludes an in-depth analysis of genetic variation in the parasite.To provide insights about nad1 gene-based genetic variation, in continuation of our previous work, we thereby in this study report H. taeniaeformis infection in the urban murine population from the Faisalabad district of Pakistan and presented genetic polymorphism using the nad1 gene.Out of 38 isolates investigated in the study, a total of 13 haplotypes were found with high haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.909), while the nucleotide diversity was found to be 0.02340 in the study population.The neutrality study found a significant level of nucleotide polymorphism, indicating a rise in low-frequency polymorphism, which might be attributed to global population growth of the parasite.Construction of phylogenetic comprising isolates from Kazakhstan, Finland, Turkiye, Canada, Germany, France, and China revealed that Pakistani isolates of H. taeniaeformis are distinct and formed a separate cluster.Further research utilising full-length multiple mitochondrial genes is required to understand the molecular epidemiology of H. taeniaeformis on the global scale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".