Bibliographic record
Abstract
A ventilated concrete slab (VCS) was designed to be used as thermal energy storage. The slab has implemented air channels inside and can be charged either by air source heat pump or building integrated photovoltaic and thermal (BIPV/T) system. Multiple charging scenarios with different air temperatures, air velocities, concrete temperatures, etc., were studied to identify the effectiveness of the VCS. It was shown that the average concrete temperature increased up to 12.2oC when charged directly by BIPV/T system while it increased up to 18.7oC when an air source heat pump was used to charge the slab. It was also shown that decrease in the air temperature after passing through the channels highly depend on the air velocity and its source temperature. Next, an insulated concrete form (ICF) wall was designed as thermal energy storage to be charged through single or double pipe hydronic system when there is excess, or free, or inexpensive energy available. The heat source for charging the ICF is either heat pump or solar thermal collector system. Various charging cycles were modeled and advantages and disadvantages of the ICF thermal energy storage were investigated. It was shown that the maximum of 2,195 kJ can be stored in each single ICF block when charged with heat pump during a six-hour cycle. However, the same ICF block can be charged as much as 2,866 kJ using four flat plate solar collectors in series with 0.02 kg/s mass flowrate. A typical townhouse model and a bungalow house were modeled using building energy simulations. These models were used to estimate how ICF thermal storage can cover the thermal loads of the buildings. Simulated results showed that as much as 284.5% of the total heating demand of the townhouse and 246.4% of the heating load of the detached house in Toronto weather condition was covered using the solar collectors to charge the basement walls of these buildings. Similarly, using the heat pump to charge the basement ICF walls resulted in storing more than 88 kWh in the townhouse and 140 kWh of energy which was more than two times required heating demand of the buildings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".