Color Flow Doppler in Spinal Ultrasound: A Novel Technique for Assessment of Catheter Position in Labor Epidurals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
( Reg Anesth Pain Med 2022;47:775–779) Epidural analgesia is one of the most common pain relief treatments during labor and delivery and is usually very effective. In a small percentage of epidurals, misplacement of the epidural catheter can cause inadequate anesthetic effects. To reduce instances of insufficient pain relief, it would be beneficial to be able to assess the position and flow of the catheter before administering medication. This study was designed to visualize flow in the epidural space using a structured color flow Doppler assessment, and to describe the location of the flow relative to the catheter insertion site. The primary outcome was the visualization of flow in the epidural space by color flow Doppler ultrasound. Secondary outcomes were visualization of catheter flow at the interspace of insertion, and at the interspaces above and below insertion, as well as visibility from unilateral or bilateral view, and visibility of flow on injection of saline only or an injection of a saline and air mixture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".