Monolithically Integrated Waveguide-Coupled Single-Photon Avalanche Photodetector in a Visible-Light Silicon Photonics Platform
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The integration of silicon nitride (SiN) waveguides into silicon (Si) photonic platforms extends Si photonic integrated circuits (PICs) to visible-light applications including quantum information [1], neurotechnology [2] and miniaturized display systems [3]. Si photodetectors (PDs) are essential components in such systems. Although conventional Si PDs rely on surface incidence-based free space detection, waveguide-coupled PDs are preferred in PICs due to their integrability with other PIC components. In [4], our group reported ultra-broadband SiN-on-Si waveguide PIN and PN PDs operating at$\lambda=400$−640nm with an external quantum efficiency of >60% [4]. Such performance opens the possibility for single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) operation. Although there are several examples of free-space SPADs$(\lambda=490\text{nm})$[5] and waveguide-coupled SPADs$(\lambda=1310\text{nm})$[6], here we report the preliminary characterization of, to best of our knowledge, the first monolithically integrated waveguide-coupled visible-light SPAD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".