Monolithically Integrated Waveguide-Coupled Single-Photon Avalanche Photodetector in a Visible-Light Silicon Photonics Platform
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The integration of silicon nitride (SiN) waveguides into silicon (Si) photonic platforms extends Si photonic integrated circuits (PICs) to visible-light applications including quantum information [1], neurotechnology [2] and miniaturized display systems [3]. Si photodetectors (PDs) are essential components in such systems. Although conventional Si PDs rely on surface incidence-based free space detection, waveguide-coupled PDs are preferred in PICs due to their integrability with other PIC components. In [4], our group reported ultra-broadband SiN-on-Si waveguide PIN and PN PDs operating at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\lambda=400$</tex>−640nm with an external quantum efficiency of >60% [4]. Such performance opens the possibility for single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) operation. Although there are several examples of free-space SPADs <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(\lambda=490\text{nm})$</tex> [5] and waveguide-coupled SPADs <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(\lambda=1310\text{nm})$</tex> [6], here we report the preliminary characterization of, to best of our knowledge, the first monolithically integrated waveguide-coupled visible-light SPAD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".