Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics for the Production of Liquid Fuels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plastics are synthetic polymers that is an essential raw material for many industrial applications nowadays. Plastics made it possible to develop cell phones, computers, cars and so many other vital components of our daily lives. Due to increased global demand, the accumulation of plastic wastes is becoming uncontrollable. Waste plastics impose critical environmental and health risks that has promoted the efforts to decrease the associated risk by converting these wastes into useful form of energy. Pyrolysis process is a well-known thermochemical conversion technology that has been used for decades. There is an increase in recent research to catalytically pyrolyze waste plastics into liquid fuels due to the high calorific values of plastics which is comparable to fossil-based fuels. This chapter focuses on the recent advances in catalytic pyrolysis of different types of waste plastics as raw materials and highlights the effect of different operating conditions on the yield of liquid fuel produced. The chapter also critically reviews the different catalysts used during pyrolysis and the reactor types involved in the process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".