Persistence of a Subsurface Water Mass in a Deep Mid-Latitude Fjord
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Fjords are common geomorphological coastal features in the mid- and high-latitudes, carved by glacial erosion. These deep nearshore zones connect watersheds and oceans, typically behaving as an estuary. Many fjords in the world have shown concerning warming and deoxygenation trends in their deep waters, sometimes at faster rates than the open ocean. While that is the case in several fjords of British Columbia (BC), Canada, some of the same fjords have shown that strong Arctic outflow wind events in winter can lead to cooling and reoxygenation of subsurface waters, with effects lasting until the following autumn. The latter was observed in Bute Inlet, BC in 2019. We used a high-resolution, three-dimensional ocean model to investigate the mechanisms allowing for the persistence of these subsurface conditions through the year. The presence of the subsurface cold water mass reduced the already weak residual circulation, changing its vertical structure from three to four layers. The reduction of mixing and advection allowed for the water mass to stay in place until autumn conditions arrived (i.e., strong wind mixing and reduced freshwater forcing). The identification of mechanisms that allow for the persistence of cold and oxygenated conditions are key to understand potential areas of ecological refugia in a warming and deoxygenating ocean.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".