Directed Energy Deposition (DED)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter covers a brief description of the fundamental principles governing laser/electron beam material interaction and absorption. It focuses on physics, and governing equations of laser directed energy deposition (LDED) and electron beam directed energy deposition (EDED). Lasers and electron beams provide many advantages when it comes to the thermal material processing. A laser beam has many unique characteristics that make it a proper tool for material processing. Several aspects of electron beam interactions with materials are the same as laser material interaction; however, there are a few phenomena that need further understanding. Both LDED and EDED are complex processes that include multiple physical phenomena, such as energy absorption, heat conduction, heat losses, phase transformation, and fluid dynamics. To create a heat distribution in the DED substrate, three approaches have been made: analytical modeling, numerical modeling, and experimental-based modeling. The chapter discusses multiple models that are more popular for DED.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.041 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".