Synthesis of Higher-Order Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds from Butylamine Using a Microsecond Pulse Dielectric Barrier Discharge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Synthesis of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs), especially higher-order NOCs, is very energy intensive, and traditional methods emit a high amount of CO 2 equivalents into the environment. To lower emissions and alleviate the energy requirements of the process, we propose the use of gas over liquid non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a substitute. In this work, we investigate the formation of higher-order NOCs from butylamine and subsequently study the process’s changing reaction chemistry with gas mixtures, reactor temperature, and treatment time. Different compounds in the form of aliphatic and aromatic amines, nitriles, and azoles were observed. Under the optimized conditions, our proposed reactor was able to achieve a production efficiency of 49.4 g/kWh with pure argon gas at −20 °C. The selectivity of the products varied with gas mixtures, reactor temperature, and treatment time due to altering reaction pathways which are discussed in more detail. An insight into the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) conditions for obtaining different plasma chemistry in NOC synthesis can thus provide a foundation to develop a novel synthetic approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".