Limited recharge of the southern highlands aquifer on early Mars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To determine plausible groundwater recharge fluxes on early Mars, we developed analytic and numerical solutions for an unconfined steady-state aquifer beneath the southern highlands. We showed that the aquifer’s mean hydraulic conductivity, K, is the primary constraint on the plausible magnitude of the mean steady recharge, r. By using geologic constraints, a mean hydraulic conductivity of K ∼10−7m/s, and varying shoreline elevations and recharge distributions, the mean recharge must be of the order of 10−2 mm/yr. Recharge for other values of K can be estimated as r ∼10−5K. Our recharge value is near the low end of previous estimates and significantly below published precipitation estimates. This suggests that, in a steady hydrologic cycle, most precipitation forms runoff as opposed to infiltrating into the subsurface. Alternatively, high rates of runoff production combined with a sufficiently slow transient aquifer response to recharge may limit major groundwater upwelling prior to the cessation of climatic excursions causing precipitation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".