Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper studies the effectiveness of implementing option contracts for the procurement of seasonal products subject to short selling season, demand uncertainty, and supply-side disruption.The research intends to show how profitability and product availability can be enhanced both locally and globally by combining the long-term wholesale price contract and option contracts.Using the newsvendor model, the paper aims to identify business settings with respect to disruption parameters, demand uncertainty, and the option pricing under which the use of option contracts could improve supply chain performance.The main contribution of this research is that the effectiveness of option contracts is investigated under the impact of the supply-side disruption in addition to the demand uncertainty.The option contract-based portfolio procurement displays significant performance enhancement in terms of both the retailer profitability and the reduction in the lost sales quantity when supply-side disruptions prevail.The study of the procurement management subject to seasonal disruption can be readily applied to numerous business situations where the disruption can lead to devastating impacts such as the insufficient or untimely supply of COVID-19 vaccines with limited shelf life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".