Pressure drop in converging flows in three-dimensional printing of concrete
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The additive manufacturing technology of extrusion of concrete mixtures through a nozzle and deposition layer-by-layer is commonly called three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP). Such materials are rheologically characterized by yield stress and viscosity. The Bingham model is a good approximation of their rheological behavior. We have developed approximate expressions for determination of pressure for flow through slightly tapered tubes and wedge-shaped extrusion dies, starting from the Buckingham–Reiner equation for flow of a Bingham fluid in a straight tube. The predictions are compared to numerical simulations for convergence half-angles (taper) from 0° to 30° and to analytical solutions available in the literature. Good comparison has been obtained for taper angles up to 15° but the agreement deteriorates as the angle increases. Some experimental data available in the literature have been analyzed, and the challenges for prediction of pressure drop in flow of concrete mixtures through tubes and dies, including entry flow losses, are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".