Drying characteristic, sustainability, and 4E (energy, exergy, and enviro-economic) analysis of dried date fruits using indirect solar-electric dryer: An experimental investigation
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
An indirect solar-electric dryer (ISED) was constructed to valorize the date surplus under drying temperatures of T = 50–65 °C. The effective moisture diffusivity ( D eff ) values of dates were 4.59 × 10 −7 , 5.58 × 10 −7 , 7.29 × 10 −7 , and 1.04 × 10 −6 m 2 s −1 , respectively, for 50, 55, 60, and 65 °C with convective mass transfer coefficient ranging between 9.18 × 10 −7 and 2.08 × 10 −6 m s −1 . The drying behavior of date fruits using ISED was described by Wang and Singh's model with 99.98% alignment with experimental data. The lowest specific energy consumption ( SEC ) was 3.71 kWh.kg −1 resulting in T = 65 °C. The highest solar energy fraction (63.2%) and the lowest electric energy fraction (36.8%) were obtained under 60 °C drying temperature. The highest exergy efficiency ( η Ex = 73%) was attained at 50 °C. The highest waste exergy ratio and the lowest sustainability index 0.39 and 2.54, respectively were obtained for T = 65 °C. The improvement potential factor increased with the decrease in η Ex and varied between 17.1 and 64.7. Low CO 2 emissions amount of 17.23 kg/year was reached, and impressive payback period values of 0.26, 0.25, 0.12, and 0.08 years were estimated, respectively, for T = 50, 55, 60, and 65 °C. The ISED under 65 °C drying temperature is recommended for date fruits.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it