A Bidirectional Onboard Charger with G-V/V-G /V-H Functionality and Seamless Mode Transfer Capability for E-2 and E-3 Wheelers Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A bidirectional onboard charger (BOBC)-cum-domestic inverter (DI) with a grid to vehicle (G-V)/vehicle to grid (V-G) and vehicle to home (V-H) operational functionality and seamless mode transfer capability are presented in this work for the electric two and three-wheelers (E2/3Ws) applications. Unlike conventional E2/3Ws chargers, the presented BOBC fulfills the charging demand of E2/3Ws battery packs and incorporates several other notable features from future energy-efficient and customer-friendly market perspectives. On one side, the presented system satisfactorily realizes four quadrants of active/reactive (P/Q) power transfer between AC and DC ends during G-V and V-G operations, its V-H mode operational capability, on the other side, fulfills the purpose of a domestic inverter for the E2/3Ws customers. Further, its seamless mode transfer capability guarantees reliable operation of the overall system during grid disconnection-reconnection scenarios under G-V/V-G/V-H mode operations, thus ensuring a high-performance experience for the customers. Besides, the wide output voltage range feature (36 V – 120 V) of the presented BOBC makes it compatible with all class of LEVs and thus considerably easy the production and selection of the LEVs chargers. Based on these notable characteristics, the overall operation of the presented BOBC, design objectives, and control architecture are presented. Finally, the claimed features of the BOBC-cum-DI systems are comprehensively analyzed, and relevant results are presented for performance validation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".