Heterogeneity of radial spokes structural components and associated enzymes in Tetrahymena cilia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Radial spokes (RS), the T-shaped, multiprotein complexes of motile cilia, transmit regulatory signals from the central apparatus to the outer doublet complexes, including inner dynein arms. In the vast majority of ciliated species, RSs assemble as repeats of triplets (RS1-RS2-RS3), and each spoke is associated with a different subset of inner dynein arms. Studies in Chlamydomonas and mice sperm flagella led to the identification of RS proteins (RSPs) and revealed that some structural components are either RS1- or RS2-specific. In contrast, the protein composition of RS3 remains largely unknown. We used the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila to investigate the protein composition of individual RSs, including the poorly characterized RS3. The Tetrahymena genome encodes three RSP3 paralogs. Using engineered RSP3 knock-out mutants and previously studied RS mutants with CFAP61, CFAP91, or CFAP206 deletion and complementary approaches, including bioinformatics, total ciliome comparisons, and cryo-electron tomography with subtomogram averaging, we identified Tetrahymena RSP orthologs and solved the composition of individual RSs, showing their subunit heterogeneity. We found that RSP3 proteins are components of RS1 and RS2 but not RS3. Based on the presence of the RSP3 paralog, we distinguished sub-types of RS1 (RSP3A- or RSP3B-containing) and RS2 spokes (RSP3B- or RSP3C-containing). We identified novel RS-associated proteins, including several enzymes that may locally regulate ADP/ATP levels, GMP-recycling-related enzymes, and enzymes regulating phosphorylation levels. These discoveries will help to better understand the molecular mechanism(s) that regulate cilia beating and overall cilia metabolism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".