Economic Feasibility of a PV-Wind Hybrid Microgrid System for Off-Grid Electrification in Papua, Indonesia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electricity is fundamental to both urban and rural livelihoods. However, with the impending depletion of fossil fuels, an urgent transition towards sustainable and environmentally friendly renewable energy sources is necessary for electricity generation. The Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES), which amalgamates various renewable energy sources, offers a promising solution. This study investigates the economic viability of a photovoltaic (PV)-wind turbine hybrid microgrid system for off-grid electrification in five distinct cities in Papua, Indonesia. A simulation of the hybrid system was conducted using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) application, leveraging local solar and wind resource data. The simulation results indicated that Waropen city yielded the most optimal PV-wind turbine hybrid system, exhibiting the lowest Net Present Cost (NPC) of Rp397,591,000.00 and Cost of Energy (COE) of Rp 5,513.37/kWh. This system was capable of generating 9,098 kWh/year of electricity. Consequently, the proposed PV-wind turbine hybrid microgrid system emerges as an economically feasible solution for off-grid electrification in Papua, underscoring the potential of renewable energy sources in addressing the global energy crisis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".