Mental Health Risks Persist Over Time? Psychological Distress of Chinese Residents in Canada across Three Years of the Pandemic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has been detrimental to mental health. Chinese abroad are highly susceptible to negative consequences from the COVID-19, including the unique challenges they face given the rise in anti-Chinese discrimination. It is important to assess how their mental health has changed over time with the unfold of the pandemic. The current study sought to assess psychological distress among Chinese Canadians across three years of the pandemic (2020, 2021, and 2022) and to identify consistent robust risk predictors of psychological distress. Methods: Three groups of Chinese aged 18 or above were randomly recruited through social media platforms and internet to complete an online survey administered at three different time points (early 2020, 2021, and 2022) respectively. Psychological distress was assessed using self-reported ratings on the COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI), where higher scores indicating greater psychological distress. We conducted univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) models, Pearson correlations, as well as hierarchical multiple regression models to identify the time point and sociodemographic and COVID-19 related predictors for psychological distress. Results: The CPDI score peaked in 2021 (January - March), with an increased CPDI in 2021 and 2022 compared to 2020. Residence status and age were identified as significant predictors of CPDI. Those who were young adults (relative to older adults) and born in Mainland China showed heightened psychological distress (βs = 3.82-4.05; P < 0.05). In addition, those who were in relatively poorer health status, with higher self- or family-infection worry, and higher perceived anti-Chinese discrimination reported higher psychological distress (βs = 2.16-9.00, P < 0.05). Conclusion & Implications: Among Chinese residents in Canada, there was a gradual increase in psychological distress across three years (2020-2022), with a peak in 2021. Poor health status, higher infection worry, and higher perceived anti-Chinese discrimination were associated with greater psychological distress. The results urge timely and culturally appropriate mental health supports for Chinese Canadians during and following the pandemic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".