Entrepreneurial pursuits of women and men in the diaspora from MENA: dual embeddedness in home- and host-societies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Migrants are embedded in traditions in their home-society and embedded in institutions in their host-society. This dual embeddedness raises issues for migrants from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) residing in Europe and North America. Embedded in a gender-inegalitarian home-society and in a more gender-egalitarian host-society, what are migrant women's occupational pursuits, especially to become entrepreneurs? The research design analyses women and men in the diaspora by comparing their home-society and their host-society. Analyses show that migrant men's roles are to be breadwinners in the diaspora in both home- and host-societies. Migrant women, however, switch extensively from being homemakers in home-society to becoming breadwinners in host-society. Migrant women frequently show entrepreneurial intention, but are filtered out more than men, and in the diaspora more than women in Europe and North America, but less than women in MENA. The findings contribute to understanding effects of dual embeddedness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".