Understanding Sustainable Value Capture for Ghana’s Cocoa Farmers on the Cocoa-Chocolate Value Chain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The sustainability of cocoa farmers' livelihoods is a critical concern within the academic discourse surrounding the Cocoa-chocolate value chain, aligning with SDG goal 1 of eradicating poverty. Addressing the challenges cocoa farmers face and developing sustainable solutions is paramount, as their low-income status may lead to a shift to alternative cash crops, surrendering lands for illegal mining activities (affecting the environment negatively), and a decline in the cocoa bean supply. Existing literature has explored the limited value capture of cocoa farmers. However, it needs to fully elucidate the complex interplay between local and international interests that undermine efforts to improve farmers' livelihoods. This study uses the Sustainable Livelihood Framework and the Global Production Network to assess these dynamics. The analysis uncovers significant obstacles smallholder farmers face in achieving sustainable incomes, including power imbalances and embeddedness within firm networks. Some policy recommendations, including the de-commodification of Cocoa beans, are proposed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".