Non-LTE Monte Carlo radiative transfer – III. The thermal properties of tilted and warped Be star discs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT We use the three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer code hdust to model Be stars where the disc is tilted from the equatorial plane of the star. We compute 128 models across four spectral types, B0, B2, B5, and B8, tilting the disc by 0, 10○, 20○, and 40○, respectively, while varying disc density according to spectral type. We also compute every model for an average and high stellar rotation rate. We first discuss non-tilted disc temperatures and show its nonlinear dependence on stellar and disc parameters. We find that tilting the disc minimally affects the density-weighted average disc temperature, but tilting does create a temperature asymmetry in disc cross-sections, which is more pronounced for a faster rotation rate. We also investigate the effect tilting has on V-band magnitude, polarization, and the H$\rm \alpha$ line. Tilting the disc does affect these observables, but the changes are entirely dependent on the position of the observer relative to the direction of tilt. We find the observables that distinguish tilting from a change in density or geometry are the H$\rm \alpha$ line shapes, where it can transition between single-peaked and double-peaked, and the polarization position angle, whose value is dependent on the projected major elongation axis of the disc on the sky. We also present one early- and one late-type model with warped discs. We find their temperature structure varies a small amount from the uniformly tilted models, and the different observables correspond to different tilt angles, consistent with their expected volume of origin within the disc.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".