Model of the photon made up of lines of elementary waves. Realistic explanation of obtaining interferences by emitting photons one by one through two Young’s slits
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The theory of the dynamic medium of reference (DMR) has already been presented in several articles, in particular, by Olivier Pignard [Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019)]. The objective of this article is to present a model of the photon within the framework of the DMR theory. A concept of elementary wave on the subatomic level is introduced. An elementary wave is always identical to itself while being constantly renewed by new gravitons (entities that make up the medium of propagation of the wave). This elementary wave propagates in its medium (DMR) at the speed of light whatever its trajectory. A possible model of the elementary wave called light-vortex is presented in Appendix B. Then the concept of line of vortices is introduced. The vortices constituting a line all have their axis parallel to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation are separated by half a wavelength and rotate alternately in one direction and the other. The model of the proposed photon is then a set of lines of vortices parallel to each other (the number of lines of vortices as well as the length of the photon are constants whatever the frequency of the photon.) This model makes it possible to attribute to the photon, the speed c, a frequency ν, a period T = 1/ν, a wavelength λ = c/ν, the energy E = hν, the momentum p = E/c =h · ν/c, and even a polarization (rectilinear, circular, or elliptical). It allows above all to explain that the photon has at the same time a wave aspect (because composed only of elementary waves) and a corpuscular aspect (since the elementary waves remain identical to themselves and the photon remains delimited by the same volume). It also explains the phenomenon of diffraction by emitting photons, even one by one, through a slit and that of interferences by emitting photons, even one by one, through two Young’s slits.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".